A narrative is a connection of series or related events which is described as a story. Narration is the actions of presenting a story to an audience.

Types of narratives are linear and non-linear. A linear narrative is a story that follows a straight line and is in chronological order, for example: it has a beginning, middle and an end such as typical disney animated movies.

A non linear narrative is a story that doesn’t follow a straight line and has mixed up timelines, for example: the story has flashbacks inbetween the story such as Pulp Fiction.

Mode of address is the way the style of media communicates with the audience.

Audience positioning is a way an author tries to get the audience to understand the text.

Propps theory is that every narrative is character driven and the plot develops from the characters decisions. Propp says that every character is placed into roles such as the hero, the villain, etc.

In my opinion, Propps theory is a good way to set a story based on character roles, such as having a donor, a helper, the false hero and others. It helps give your characters a purpose in the story and they help the narrative.

Todorovs theory is that every film follows a 5 stage pattern that starts with equilibrium, then disruption, resolution, restored order, new equilibrium.

In my opinion, films use Todorov’s theory because there are events that disrupt the original equilibrium, most blockbuster movies follow this theory for example: the Marvel franchise movies, where we can always see the five stage pattern.

Barthes codes are 5 different semiotic elements that are in all texts. These are hermeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic, and cultural.

Binary oppositions are opposites that create the structure for media. For example, left and right, hero and villain. Films have used this kind of theme because it can create a plot with character twists. A film that uses Barthes codes is Unbreakable where the main hero is super strong and the main villain is really weak creating an opposite.